Currently, academic researchers' focus started changing towards protecting IP rights and to transferring them into industrial actors. Accordingly, it is argued that academic's basic research focus started shifting towards applied research as it is essential for the radical inventions to be introduced in a competitive market. This research seeks to understand industry-academia linkages in a high tech field such as nano-crystals. In regards to supporting the technology transfer process within or cross country, this study illustrates the technology development trends and actors' engagement; nano-crystals technology and their interconnections; and maps the organizational (industryacademia) linkages that enhance the commercialization of radical inventions. The results show that the industryacademia linkages that appeared as decentralized structure are more stable compared to other linkage types. Korean and Japanese organizations present such stable linkages. The linkages are even stronger when they appear as a mono-linkage type. Chinese organizations show a great illustration of such an effective mono-linkage of co-inventorships in high tech research fields. The organizations in the US maintain international linkages.

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Poor project governance is the main cause of project failures for complex projects. Historically, formal contracting has been the mainstay of project governance for outsourced projects. However, subsequent studies found that reliance on formal contracting typically results in adversarial relationships between clients and contractors in large construction projects, which exacerbates the chances of project failure by thwarting exchange of information, hindering collaboration and increasing hostility between the parties. Moreover, due to high levels of uncertainty and complexity in practice, it is often impossible or excessively expensive to construct “complete” contracts upfront, or the institutional structures needed to enforce the contract do not exist. Consequently, relational governance mechanisms have been proposed as an effective alternative in such situations. Subsequent literature has shifted to the effects of contractual and relational governance mechanisms on the performance of exchange relationships as well as the interactions between those mechanisms. In particular, the relationship between contractual and relational governance has been the focus of a substantial body of literature, and the findings are contradictory. Whilst some studies find the relationship to be substitutive, others indicate it is complementary.

In this study, drawing from transaction cost economics (TCE), social capital theory, and social exchange theory, we re-examine the relationship by distinguishing two forms of relational governance, namely ex-ante and ex-post relational governance, and argue that the relationship between these two forms and contractual governance are substitutive and complementary, respectively, thereby reconciling the contradictory findings on the relationship.

Our conceptual model is validated using survey data collected from 40 client-contractor partnerships in large construction projects in Australia. Contributing to the literature, the results show that ex-ante relational governance has both a substitutive relationship as well as a complementary relationship (mediated by ex-post relational governance) with formal contracting, while ex-post relational governance has a complementary relationship with formal contracting. In addition, the results indicate that formal contracting has a direct effect on project performance, while ex-post relational governance has a direct effect on relationship performance.

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This paper aims to examine the influence of innovative cognitive style, proactive personality and working conditions on employee creativity by taking an interactional perspective. Innovative cognitive style refers to an individual's idiosyncrasy of thinking about and dealing with an original idea, while proactive personality conceptualizes an individual's strategic opportunity-seeking behaviors toward exploring novelty. Work discretion and time pressure, two critical contextual factors suggested to impact employee creativity in organizational literature, may also influence how individuals convert their innovative cognitive style and proactive personality into creativity. In an attempt to extend current understanding of creativity in organizations, this study examines the relationship between individual characteristics (innovativeness and proactiveness) and employee creativity, and how the relationship is moderated by work discretion and time pressure. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to examine the proposed hypotheses for a sample of 344 middle-level managers in Taiwanese manufacturing companies, including R&D managers and marketing managers. Results reveal that innovative cognitive style and proactive personality are positively related to employee creativity. Work discretion was found to enhance employee creativity while time pressure was found to constrain creativity. Our findings support the hypothesized moderating effects, indicating that employees will exhibit the highest level of creativity when they possess innovative cognitive style and proactive personality as well as performing tasks with high work discretion and less time pressure.

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With the global emphasis on the development of nanotechnology ("nano"), nano-enabled drug delivery ("NEDD") systems are rapidly emerging as a key nano application area. NEDD offers promise in addressing pharmaceutical industry challenges concerning solubility, cost reduction, cell and sub-cellular targeting, and patent lifecycle extension. A combination of factors promotes nanoparticle-enhanced and other nano-facilitated drug and gene delivery systems. To get a grip on this vast, varied, and highly promising area of nano application, researchers devised a multi-component search strategy, detailed here, to generate a NEDD dataset from the Web of Science (WOS). They then analyzed these scientific and biomedical research publication records to profile R&D activity, gauge evolving research foci, and forecast NEDD research trends. Such “tech mining” can help to address a wide array of further technology management questions concerning this important biomedical arena. The aim of this research is to build a family of analytical tools to facilitate the forecasting of innovation pathways.

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With social issues such as an aging society and sustainability becoming of greater concern than ever as we are heading towards the future society, decision makers in both the government and private sector need to identify and focus their efforts on promoting key technologies which have significant contributions to these increasingly complex social problems. However, such connections are not easy to trace, thus making this subject very difficult to be completely understood. Meanwhile, literature based discovery (LBD) has been widely accepted as an effective approach to discover hidden connections from information within bibliographical databases but is still used mainly in medical databases. This paper investigates the possibility of a broader application of LBD to reveal the linkage between technology and social issues from science and social science citation databases. Robotics and gerontology were selected as an example dataset, and some lexical statistics were used to suggest important connecting terms. The result shows various contributions of robotics to healthcare and the well-being of elderly people such as surgery, hearing implants, and rehabilitation. This methodology could offer an alternative approach in creating an overview picture of how one technology contributes to a particular social issue and assists in forming policies to promote key technologies towards the future society.

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This paper contributes to the research on dynamics and heterogeneity of product innovation in embedded software in the case of Japanese automotive software (ASW). Functions of embedded software are realized by being embedded into hardware, so if we know the functions of an embedded system, we know the functions of its embedded software. Therefore, based on the advantage of using patenting in large third countries as a good proxy measure for national innovation activities, we use ASW related patents in the USPTO patent database as an indicator of ASW product innovation. The results show that heterogeneous actors have had different roles and propensities to innovate in several fields of ASW functions, namely power train control, battery and electric power control, safety control, body control and ICT system over the period 1981 to 2010. There was a shift beginning in the early 1990s when suppliers were becoming more and more important in product innovation of ASW. Increasing cooperation happened mainly between the automotive makers and suppliers, especially big suppliers. To conclude, the heterogeneous requirements for real-time operation and accumulation of specific knowledge that are technologically difficult and complex are the main reasons for heterogeneity of product innovation in embedded software.

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Globalization has highlighted change in national technology capability. Exogenous factors drive a country towards technological progress, and drive economic growth via international technology diffusion. Previous studies have stressed that innovative capacity is determined by regional or local social systems. This paper reconsiders these studies and develops a new perspective of evaluating national innovative capacity. This method employs a network autocorrelation model which simultaneously considers both endogenous determiners and exogenous influence on national innovative capacity. Data from 42 countries from 1997 to 2002 are utilized to empirically examine their network relationship and innovation performance. The analytical results not only demonstrate the effect of domestic determiners with differences global context and their differential context attribute influence on national innovative performance more by network positioning than by network partnership, but also exhibit important differences between the alternate channels of international technology diffusion and their differential effects on innovative performance. This finding provides a new perspective for science and technology policy makers.

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The blurring of boundaries between hitherto distinct scientific disciplines, technologies or markets is a common and powerful phenomenon. Traditionally, it has been discussed in respect to telecommunications, information technologies and electronics. Subjects of this convergence often change what and where customers buy, with Apple’s renowned iPhone being one current example for customers’ tendency toward products with multiple benefits. More recently, the chemical and its related industries find themselves also affected by a larger convergence process. Concentrating on developments at the outposts of the chemical industry, we discuss indications of convergence with an example from the area of Nutraceuticals and Cosmeceuticals. Furthermore, we present and discuss a multiple indicator concept for monitoring convergence in an R&D-intensive field on the basis of publicly available data. We analyze 7,455 scientific and patent references on phytosterols with the aid of SciFinder Scholar and 3,836 documents employing STN AnaVist. Our results show clear indications for convergence and a proof of principle for our monitoring concept. A closer look at convergence and effective tools for spotting weak signals appears to be necessary. Particularly for practitioners, the opportunity to get a head start on their current and future competitors is of high strategic importance.

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Cooperative (co-op) advertising is an important instrument for aligning manufacturer and retailer decisions in supply chains. In this, the manufacturer announces a co-op advertising policy, i.e., a participation rate that specifies the percentage of the retailer's advertising expenditure that it will provide. In addition, it also announces the wholesale price. In response, the retailer chooses its optimal advertising and pricing policies. We model this supply chain problem as a stochastic Stackelberg differential game whose dynamics follows Sethi's stochastic sales-advertising model. We obtain the condition when offering co-op advertising is optimal for the manufacturer. We provide in feedback form the optimal advertising and pricing policies for the manufacturer and the retailer. We contrast the results with the advertising and price decisions of the vertically integrated channel, and suggest a method for coordinating the channel.

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This paper analyzes the capability of Japanese and European multinational companies (MNCs) to absorb technological knowledge from the United States through their R&D operation in the US. Employing the notion of “absorptive capacity” [10], we define the capability of a firm to absorb technological knowledge from abroad as “absorptive capability (AC).” We examine the components of AC and their inter-relationships using patent and sales data in the context of R&D management of Japanese and European MNCs at home and in the US.

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This paper provides a game-theoretic explanation for the puzzling behavior of large firms (incumbents) who, while sponsoring university research labs, require all inventions generated by the sponsored labs be licensed openly on a purely non-exclusive basis. Under certain conditions, this results in an intellectual property “commons” with the consequence that no firm has the incentive to innovate, despite the potential profitability of the new technology. The strategy of spoiling incentives to innovate by eliminating exclusive intellectual property rights - the strategy of the commons - is motivated by a fear of cannibalization and supported by a credible threat. The author shows that the degree of cannibalization to which the new technology exposes the old market is responsible for this market failure and the author characterizes the sub-game perfect equilibrium in which “the strategy of the commons” is played. Within this framework welfare implications as well as strategy and policy issues are also investigated.

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Although firms must upgrade their manufacturing capabilities to remain competitive over time, successful process improvement implementation is uncertain.  Furthermore, several internal characteristics such as the firm’s size and level of knowledge affect the magnitude and the certainty of the benefits realized.  A comprehensive stochastic model is introduced which yields managerial insights concerning the impact of firm size on appropriate process improvement and knowledge acquisition strategies.  Analytic results are derived linking firm size to relevant cost and efficiency advantages.  Manufacturing managers can utilize the model to tailor appropriate process improvement and knowledge acquisition strategies for their firms.

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Time-based strategy is becoming an important weapon to achieve competitive advantages in the current environment of fast-changing technology and customer requirements. Speed-to-market has become the mantra of both researchers and practitioners in new product development (NPD), but there is limited empirical research and inconsistent or conflicting findings on the relationship between speed-to-market and product performance. A more important question is whether faster is always better. In a study of 692 NPD projects, we examined the relationship between speed-to-market and new product success (NPS) under conditions of different uncertainties. Our results indicate that speed-to-market is generally positively associated with overall project success, but market turbulence moderates the direct effect. Speed-to-market is less important to NPS under conditions of low market turbulence. One important implication is that it is necessary to execute time-based strategy in a fast-changing market but not in an existing and stable marketing. Our results also suggest technological uncertainty does not affect the speed-success relationship. The limitations, and future research related to these results are discussed.

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When designing a new product or service, its developers must balance the expected profit of improving the design against the costs and time requirements of doing so. We propose to quantify this tradeoff by modeling a latter stage of development, prototyping, as a search process. The decision maker choose how many prototypes to build then observe the projected profit of each. Multiple parallel prototypes are modeled as n random draws from a continuous probability distribution. The model balances the cost of building and testing the parallel prototypes against improvements in expected profits. We also study the option to abandon the project when even the best prototype generates losses. Further, we investigate prototyping decisions for products consisting of independent components that must be compatible in order for the total system to be profitable. Process design also considers alternatives for improving particular process steps but is complicated by the need for compatibility between these improved process steps.

The paper’s contributions include closed-form solutions for the case of Uniformly and Gumbel-distributed profits, insights into the benefits of conducting multiple experiments in parallel versus sequentially, and the valuation of options to abandon projects. It develops insight into the interactions between multiple components of a complex product or manufacturing process as they affect prototyping policy.
 

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This paper presents the research on the development of a new concept and methodology called Technology Development Envelope (TDE). TDE approach is applied for identifying the optimum path in developing a technology roadmap in which technology strategies and business strategies are combined. TDE allows the executive level decision makers in corporations, as well as the policy level decision makers in governments to incorporate disruptive technologies and radical innovations in the development of technology strategies. The combination of Delphi method and hierarchical decision (AHP) is used as a foundation for building the TDE concept. The judgments from technology developers and technology implementers are utilized in the process to assure that the technology strategies are in full support of corporate goals and objectives.

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The Integrated Circuit (IC) manufacturing technologies have been evolving continuously since their invention. The semiconductor foundry industry, whose core business is IC manufacturing, is greatly influenced and shaped by the flow of these newly arriving technologies. This research applies the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model to evaluate the strategic impact of new IC manufacturing technologies in the semiconductor foundry industry in Taiwan where the industry is in a global leadership position. The model incorporates the levels of overall competitive success, competitive goals, technology strategies and emerging technologies. Relative impacts of elements in one level on its upper level are obtained by utilizing the inputs from experts of Taiwan’s semiconductor foundry industry. The results show the relative importance of competitive goals in the semiconductor foundry industry. Each competitive goal is aligned to the technology strategies as well as emerging technologies in the prioritized orders.

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Many companies lack efficient management of the early phases of new product development (NPD) - the so-called fuzzy front end (FFE). Rather than on structured methods, decision makers rely on “gut–feel” or “guessing”. In an attempt to “educate the guess,” this paper discusses the activities and challenges of the FFE, as well as strategies to manage them successfully. It then briefly presents traditional and recent approaches to front-end management support. Based on the identified strengths and weaknesses of existing front-end solutions, the framework of a new management support system for the FFE is presented. Conceptually, the system is based on psychological findings about the process of action-regulation in complex decision environments. Methodologically, it uses Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCM) for modeling and simulation.

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The paper empirically concludes that a key to success for heavy users of advanced manufacturing technology is to improve the infrastructure (worker empowerment, training, self-managed teams, quality leadership and inter-functional design teams), to emphasize decentralized preventive maintenance, and to develop a manufacturing strategy where flexibility is an important capability.

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The purpose of this study is to explore an alternative mechanism of problem solving that focuses on broadcasting problems to diverse and peripheral problem solvers, what I call broadcast search. Broadcasting problems is a radical departure from traditional problem solving as it involve problem holders engaging in as little problem-solving as possible - instead they attempt to interest a heterogeneous set of external actors in creating solutions to internal problems. Analysis of 166 previously unsolved science problems, originating from the R&D labs of 26 firms, revealed a 29.5% resolution rate via broadcast search. The probability of a problem being solved was significantly correlated with the heterogeneity in the scientific interests of the solvers submitting solutions and their relative specialization. Broadcast search also appears to be an economically efficient problem solving mechanism. It involves low costs for solution seekers relative to the costs of internal R&D. Most of the solvers based their submissions, partially or fully, on previously developed solutions from their own and/or someone else’s work, implying an efficient re-use and transformation of existing knowledge and solutions.

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Building on emerging research on knowledge partitioning and an information processing view of product development, this study examines the impact of task uncertainty on the knowledge boundary between manufacturers and suppliers in automobile industry. Using successfully applied patents in automobile emission control technologies from 1970 to 1998, this research shows that manufacturers expand their inhouse R&D capabilities beyond architectural knowledge and into component innovation whenever they encountered task uncertainties. Moreover, and unlike what was anticipated, manufacturers’ endeavor in building up inhouse component innovation was shown to increase over time, indicating a growing importance of component knowledge for manufacturers in times of task uncertainties, even after the establishment of dominant designs. This study also provides a large scale empirical test for the theoretical claims that effective knowledge management for both architectural and component knowledge is a key factor influencing firms’ competitiveness in the inter-firm product developments.

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We introduce a new formulation of the problem of project selection and budget allocation for R&D portfolios. Due to R&D budget constraints and limited resources, firms are often forced to select a subset of all potential idea/products to carry on the development process. In the formulation presented we make a distinction between budget constraints during the development phase and the commercialization phase by arguing that the latter constraints are not hard constraints. Firms that succeed in developing promising and breakthrough products have little difficulty in securing resources for their commercialization. The portfolio selection at the commercialization phase therefore can appropriately be treated as an instance of selection among a set of financial instruments and the rich theory of financial portfolio formation can be utilized. Optimal selection of projects at the development phase, on the other hand, needs to be performed with the optimal selection at the commercialization phase taken into account. Following this line of argument, we formulate a two stage optimal project selection and budget allocation problem. Properties of the solution and the implications of adopting this formulation are discussed. Project interdependencies at both stages of development and commercialization are considered and illustrated via examples.

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Multiparty international strategic alliances are becoming popular vehicles through which firms access resources, share risk, and learn. They are particularly useful in technology-based industries where products are becoming more complex and risk of failure is high. However, firms are profit maximizing actors who may behave opportunistically or defect in order to gain a larger share of the returns. This paper argues that power and interdependence between members, and between the firm and the alliance are key to determining a member’s capability to act against its partners’ or alliance’s interests. The more powerful and less dependent the firm, the greater its freedom to act. The case of Ballard’s alliance with DaimlerChrysler and Ford finds that alliances “construct” interdependence to balance the asymmetries in their relationships and tie the firms more closely together.

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Technological forecasting is premised on a certain orderliness of the innovation process. Myriad studies of technological substitution, diffusion, and transfer processes have yielded conceptual models of what matters for successful innovation. Yet most technological forecasts key on limited empirical measures quite divorced from those innovation process models. We glean a number of concepts from various innovation models, then present an array of bibliometric measures that offer promise of operationalizing these concepts. Judicious combination of such bibliometrics with other forms of evidence offers an enriched form of technological forecasting that we name “innovation forecasting.” This provides a good means to combine technological trends, mapping of technological interdependencies, and competitive intelligence to produce a viable forecast. We illustrate by assessing prospects for ceramic engine technologies.

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A model based on information theory, which allows technology managers to choose the optimal strategies for yield management in the semiconductor industry, is presented. The knowledge extraction rate per experimentation cycle and knowledge extraction rate per unit time serve as benchmarking metrics for yield learning. They enable managers to make objective comparisons of apparently unrelated technologies. Combinations of four yield analysis tools -- electrical testing, automatic defect classification, spatial signature analysis and wafer position analysis -- are examined in detail to determine an optimal yield management strategy for both the R&D and volume production environments.

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O.Ugur Yildirim, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
Co-Authors: A. Nuri Basoglu, Bogazici University, Turkey
 

Technology Processes Management Capability Profiles Model (TPMCPM) integrates normative, strategic, and operational technology management levels with technology management subprocesses (identification, selection, acquisition, exploitation, protection, and abandonment of technology). This research aims to assess technology management capabilities and draw capability profiles of the machine manufacturing industry in Turkey.

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Ying Huang, Beijing Institute of Technology, China
 

Market competition drives attention to the prospects of new and emerging science & technologies (NESTs), which are fast changing and, so far, have relatively limited applications. Technology evolution pathways, as a powerful representation of the development of technology, have caught researchers' interest as a tool to trace historical progression, explore knowledge diffusion, and forecast future NEST trends. Citation analysis approaches are actively applied to structure a large number of patents, map patent distribution, and capture knowledge transfer and change in technologies or industries. This paper (1) introduces the indicator of connectivity and modularity in the interior citation network to identify the technology development stage; (2) takes family patent information into the process of building a comprehensive patent citation network; and (3) extracts technological trajectories by applying integrated approaches of main path analyses, namely global main path analysis and global key-route main analysis, among different technological stages. We illustrate this approach with dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) as an example of a promising NEST, contributing to the remarkable growth in the renewable energy industry. The results show how our method can trace the main development trajectory of a research field and discern the technology focus to help decision-makers facilitate technology management.

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Kosuke Kato, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan
 

Functional foods are promising products with physiological effects that may provide health benefits. Innovative concepts and technologies that derive from individual creativity and serendipitous findings are indispensable in order to make good sales and achieve a share in the growing functional food market. However, there have been few reports discussing manufacturers in the food industry adapting any kind of a management system for promoting creativity and serendipity. In this paper, we demonstrate the analogy of the R&D processes between functional foods and drugs to point out the important role of serendipity in functional food R&D. To achieve our goal of constructing an effective management system for idea generation in the functional food sector, we conducted survey analysis of 114 R&D researchers and engineers at 74 companies in the sector using a questionnaire on idea generation. Through factorial analysis, we extracted the novel factors underlying idea generation in functional food R&D. We would like to show how these factors may promote creativity and serendipity.

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When a make-to-order manufacturing company commits a delivery due date for an order, we call it a commit-to-delivery business mode. In this mode, the manufacturing company is responsible for the shipping cost and selecting a shipping mode which is usually provided by a third party logistics company. Generally, shipping cost is higher when the selected shipping mode requires shorter shipping time. How should a company schedule production in production lines for all accepted orders so that the company can leave enough shipping time for orders to take slow shipping modes to reduce the shipping cost? We study the production and transportation integration technology for a make-to-order manufacturing company with a commit-todelivery business mode. In the distribution scenario where partial delivery is allowed, we provide an optimal production schedule which minimizes the total shipping costs for all finished orders. When partial delivery is not allowed, we provide a near-optimal heuristic algorithm which is proved to be efficient and effective by numerical tests.

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Although product convergence became the prevailing paradigm, our understanding is limited because of the small number of studies. We examine how a firm's resource base and recombinant capability affect market performance for convergent products using mobile phone market data for the United States. We find that a firm's resource base explains why a firm whose resource base is related to the base product (mobile phone) achieves better market performance for the convergent product (camera phone) than a firm whose resource base is for the additional product (camera). Moreover, recombinant capability - defined as the ability to combine resources and capabilities previously distinct - is a significant factor that enables firms whose performance previously lagged to catch up to that of the leaders in the convergent product market.

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This study draws upon the theory of planned behavior to empirically test a model which clarifies the relationships between attitude toward behavior, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control and university students' social entrepreneurial intentions as well as revealing the moderating role of entrepreneurship education and academic major. Through multiple linear regression analysis, we tested our hypotheses on a sample of 832 college students (342 from three universities in Taiwan and 490 from four universities in Thailand). Results indicate that all aspects of the theory of planned behavior have a positive and significant impact on social entrepreneurial intentions. More interestingly, the positive effects of attitude toward behavior and perceived behavioral control on social entrepreneurship intention are strengthened when students attend entrepreneurship programs at university and have a non-business major. On the basis of three-way interaction analysis, our findings suggest that college students' social entrepreneurship intention is at the highest level when non-business major students have a favorable attitude towards behavior, perceive a strong behavioral control, and receive entrepreneurial education. This paper sheds new lights on the behavioral mechanisms that determine students' intention to engage in social enterprises. The theoretical contributions and practical implications for educational policy are discussed.

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Human microbiome technologies have attracted attention as a new therapeutic modality. However, in order for the technologies to form a new industry, standardizing human microbiome analysis should be the first priority to ensure the reliability and quality of human microbiome data. The objective of this study was to clarify the current situation regarding the standardization of human microbiome analysis and the potential of human microbiome technologies to be industrialized in Japan. This study considered the future prospectives of the standardization of microbiome analysis along with its challenges. In addition, the industrialization of human microbiome technologies was discussed with particular consideration of the situational differences between Japan and the United States. The following challenges were identified: 1) “Innovator’s Dilemma” in human microbiome technologies, 2) obsolescence of consortium-driven standards, 3) fragmentation of microbiome data, 4) insufficient collaborations between organizations, and 5) inadequate government funding for basic research. Further, the following requirements were identified for the industrialization of human microbiome technologies in Japan: 1) facilitation of the microbiome analysis business, 2) development of diagnostic technologies, 3) development of peripheral technologies, 4) improvement in the quality of and access to open data on the human microbiome, and 5) investment in drug discovery research.

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Human The fifth generation of mobile technologies known as 5G has been pushing a deep convergence between communication technologies (CT), information technologies (IT) through incorporating and standardizing internet of things (IoT) where the IoT application scenarios using deeply-converging technologies. How do firms respond to such deep technological convergence in 5G era? This study uses Chinese technology firms’ making connected cars as a case to explore their roles in the deep convergence driven by 5G. Particularly, the study concerns how firms from information and communication technology (ICT) industry, namely Huawei, Xiaomi and Baidu, seize the opportunities of deep convergence to create connected-car markets under 5G transition. By analyzing the in-depth interviews with industrial experts, and the text analysis of patents, contracts as well as policy documents, it is tentatively found that firms may respond to the convergence through: (a) creating markets through defining and institutionalizing new scenarios; (b) defining the core problem of the new scenarios based on incumbent core technological capabilities; and (c) transferring incumbent core technological capabilities in the defining stage of the new IoT scenarios.

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