In order to understand the situation of science literacy among coal mining employees in relation to their knowledge of production safety in the coal mines in which they are employed, we launched an investigative survey, from December 2007 to June 2008, in the main coal producing areas and provinces of Shanxi, Shandong, Hebei, Sichuan, and Heilongjiang in Mainland China. In addition, a research survey was done in order to explore coal mine related factors that affect scientific literacy practitioners. This investigation was accomplished by a questionnaire and interview survey, attained by the multi-stage stratified probability sample. This paper analyzes the behavioral relationship between the coal mine workers and managers with regards to the safety procedures employed in the coal mines. The awareness of production safety by the coal miners is a very important factor affecting the safety of the workers, as safety awareness is an integral part of scientific literacy, not only among the staff, but also for managers, as this is an important means of influence and control of employees' unsafe behavior. Managers' work motivation skills and capacity to determine management performance have an important impact on the safety of workers in coal mine production. This article's purpose is to utilize the survey data taken from workers and managers of state-owned coal mines in order to analyze the relationship between behavior and awareness.